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Caption

Walter Burley Griffin - who raced through his 20th century incarnation creating designs, architectural and town planning, in most of the departments of today's communities so that at least they might be recorded in the others and so accessible to creative thinkers of the profession of Town Planning & Architecture - out of the blue.

In both these fields he was functioning before he left high school.

The first city plan he laid down was for a Chinese client for China. The underlying principles were clearly established here - the laws of distribution and occupation.

Just so in his brother's home was the continuous second story sill line laid down so generally followed by the Chicago School of Architecture perhaps under the influence of the Japanese prints brought to their exhibit in Chicago's Columbian Exposition in the last decade of the 19th century, when Spiritual influences were concentrating to transform rational thinking (which had been necessary to bring about the individualizing of men) into creative thinking which would give them freedom in the true sense of the word, as opposed to license.

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A NEW HISTORICAL PERIOD

A new historical period which ended the renaissance of the Greek period, a solar cycle of 5000 years, began with the turn of the 20th century. It differs essentially from past periods in that human beings are no longer under the domination of a folk soul.

Louis Sullivan was the founder in America of modern architecture and has had perhaps more influence in Europe than in America, at least an architecture no longer under the domination of ancient forms; but with the private ownership of land, which unfortunately succeeded Federal control in the United States, the development of architecture was stymied until the profession of community planning, which alone could give architecture a free chance in post-feudal times, was established by Walter Burley Griffin and the University of Illinois. This has still dragged because only by a unified control of considerable areas of ground could much town planning, and therefore architecture, blossom.

The growth of modern architecture still awaits the removal of the poison of private ownership of land. This can be brought about wholesomely only when the Threefold organization is effected. This is at present expressed, though scarcely on its feet, in the United Nations with its Security (political) Organ, properly a police Organization whose only function is to maintain Equity - like the policeman on the street corner - and second its Economic Organ and third its Social (or Abilities) Organ.

The collection and allocation of the land values, though required by the Political Organ, would be in the hands of the Social Organ, and would be used to enable every citizen to develop his own abilities to the maximum throughout his life, facilities for this provided for him from birth to death.

Griffin was enabled to develop modern architecture largely though the considerable areas owned by his clients or himself. Naturally these opportunities enabled his work to have sufficient character to influence

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CAPTION

In this case also Griffin built a basement for furnace and storage under the Living Room only. The other half of the living floor - dining room, kitchen and veranda, were built solid on the ground, proper construction installed to prevent seepage of moisture. Turning to the west on entering one enters this suite.

A half flight of steps to the right takes one to the lofty living room with its perforated screen frieze above window and door head height encircling three sides of the Living Room and forming the window screen for the bed rooms.

A half flight from the Living Room takes one to the music balcony on which level are the bed rooms and bath room.

A truly creative achievement as perfect as those of the Greeks or Goths.

This is a minimum cost house. It has corner fenestration but beautiful instead of the teeth knocked out which has so widely followed this type of construction which substitutes tensile for compressive members so universal before. This with all its ornament is as cheap as the usual barren examples as was proved in the incinerator in Sydney, Australia, where the whole wall is highly ornamented.

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CAPTION

The elimination of external walls as walls in dwellings and other buildings and substituting piers and grouped fenestration came about after Griffin entered into partnership with Frank Lloyd Wright.

This dwelling of Mr. William F. Tempel has this formality. In this case the living room is on the ground level and thus becomes a story and a half high and the dining room becomes a balcony of the living room. It is hard to express in words the elegance and openness of such an arrangement. Even a small house can become impressively spacious.

Griffin completely solved the problem of a floor built solidly on the ground by embedding 2″ by 1 1/2″ floor joists in an asphalt pavement and laying the floor boards directly on this asphalt.

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CAPTION

Whereas Griffin's work from the first - even a garage as Mr. Thomas E.Wilder's - had character and charm, Frank Lloyd Wright's work had no charm till after he had been in Louis Sullivan's office. Griffin had established the 2nd Story horizontal sill line, he and others perhaps under the influence of the Japanese prints of the Columbia Exposition which waked up America to the beauty of the oriental arts.

In this Marshall dwelling the lofty central dining room with its clerestory windows gives a feeling of elegance, and its projecting roof gives shade to a portion of the flat roof and to the roof veranda.

One might say this is a flat roof house in its simplest terms. Its very formality makes it not only dignified but beautiful.

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MY HAREM - Jeremiah Mahony

A harem of beauties I boast. Most excellent, dutiful wives; Each fancies she pleases me most, Nor disputes with her sisters, nor strives. They are learned and witty and wise; On my good and my pleasure they dote: But they never break family ties To wrangle in public nor vote.

At a word their soft breasts they unfold And yield to my spirit's embrace; Yet when o'er her charms I grow cold. Contented each sinks in her place. They fire me, they melt me, they find Where the fountains of feeling are hid, And the shackles of passion unbind; Yet they hush at the drop of my lid.

They tell me the wonderful tales Of Persia and Araby blest; One speaks of Europe's fair vales, And one of the virginal West. Hot love talk one brings from the South, Drunk with the sun's ardent beams; And folk-lore one has in her mouth, From the Northland's magnificent dreams.

Every week a new, beautiful form On my harem's retreat I enfold. To the new love I'm never less warm - Toward the old love I never grow cold; Yet censure I scorn and defy, And in virtue's calm eyes dare to look; No Morman Mormon nor Turkman am I - Each beauty I boast is a book.

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Caption

Door and window head height is maintained throughout by a picture rail used to conceal electric lamps for direct and indirect lighting throughout.

Neither the client nor the electric people could believe that the indirect method would be as cheap as the direct so the client of the first home where this method was installed had both methods installed. The indirect proved the cheaper so Griffin didn't have to go through this with future clients. He thus established indirect lighting in the community.

Economy, convenience & elegance gained by having garage a part of the building.

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Dear Mr. Walter? Lippmann,

16 February 1945

Since my return from Australia you are the only American I have heard correctly state the essential of the American constitution - the separation of the Executive from the Legislative (The Chicago Sun, 15 February 1945.) May I quote your article in a book I am writing on what an American learns in Australia.

Among the larger units there are just two countries which have honest governments - America which makes democracy possible and Russia which is frankly a bureaucratic government. If found undesirable it can be altered. The other European countries are parading in the guise of democracies but in fact give the people no chance at all.

I hope you can find time to read the enclosed Congressional versus Parliamentary Government. I hope that you dwell on these points continually as the future of the world depends on understanding these differences. An illustration of how helpless the people and their representatives are is the story of Winston Churchill. Though I do not know the facts in this instance our repeated experience of similar things makes me sure this is just what happened. It is typical. If India now forming does not contemplate selection of president directly by the people the confusion of Europe will be hers. The last sentence is handwritten and inserted into the text.

In the early days of the war Churchill, feeling America's support might hang on the handling of India, sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India. He must have authorized something that he would agree to if India would. Cripps arrived and the Indians did agree to the suggestion but 2 days later the cable came saying - "It can't be done." Now how could that happen! Well this is how that sort of thing does happen repeatedly. Churchill was Prime Minister. He had not yet been initiated to toe the mark as Ramsay MacDonald the Labor Leader had been previously. He thought he held a position of authority.

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TOTALITARIANISM VERSUS WHAT

Totalitarianism versus what? On that "what" our modern type of thinking has shattered.

One would be in despair (as apparently all our communities are) if one hadn't glimpsed the fact that, though rational thinking does not suffice for the solving of life problems, there can be creative thinking.

Some time ago rational thinking was discovered by two men independently, Abraham and Aristotle. That kind of thinking sufficed for a millennium or two, supplemented occasionally by genius (a kind of intuitive thinking, really a gift of the gods). Nowadays no one understands intuitive thinking so the gods are ceasing to give these gifts. Now we have to learn them. And rational thinking cannot solve life's problems. Rational thinking was necessary for a period to accomplish a quite different end, to make freedom possible. But now the creation of a new type of thinking is as urgent as the creation of rational thinking was for the periods beginning with Abraham and Aristotle.

To comprehend totalitarianism it is necessary, as with all polarities, to know its polar opposite. Without down there can be no up, nor an inside without an outside nor matter without spirit.

Totalitarianism is but the latest phase of Hebraic thinking, of rational thinking. To get rid of Hebraic thinking, if current methods were to be generally adopted, one would have to banish from the earth all westerners as versus Easterners whose gods are multiple whereas the western God is unity, the God of Abraham, the God of nature, the Father God. This oneness is the God to which logical thinking leads us. It is the Hebraic as versus the Christian God. With the coming of the Christ the concept of Threeness arose in religion. Two thousand years have passed and men have not grasped it yet. For some 1,500 years faith sufficed to carry humanity, but the last 500 years have destroyed the power of faith. Rational thinking has no place for faith and under

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CAPTION

With several clients' finding their houses more charming, with no waste space, built at a less cost and a charm almost never seen in a minimum cost house, with cupboards and book-cases stopped at the 2nd story window sill level to form massive piers in the lst story and flower boxes in the 2nd story, several of Griffin's clients planned to go into the building business.

In these earliest houses Griffin proved to the electricians as well as the owners that indirect lighting was no more expensive and far pleasanter than direct, the first client having both systems installed.

From that time he used nothing else. Unfortunately his early departure for Australia brought that great improvement almost to an end for a quarter of a century.

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THE LIBRARY

When men collect the products of the mind, The gold in Time's hot crucible refined, The garnered store of centuries of thought, The sifted wealth of brightest genius fraught With priceless treasure, - every voice should raise The song of thankfulness and praise; From mosque and chapel, synagogue and kirk, Should rise with one accord;- "God bless the work!"

What is the library? A living spring Where nymphs disport and voices sweetly sing:- Filled with water to the blooming brink:- That thirsty souls may sip inspiring drink:- The fabled fountain of perennial youth, With beauty mirroring the face of truth.

What is the library? A focus bright Of vivid, present radiance, and the light Of by-gone centuries, whose glories shine With blaze intenser as their suns decline.

From pedant furbishers of learned trash, From prosy cooks of scientific hash, From comic lecturers whose grainless chaff Make blockheads giggle as if hired to laugh, From wily worldlings and their canny crooks, We turn for solace to our friends, the books.

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THE CENTURY PLANT Jeremiah Mahony

There is a plant whose modest flowers Refuse the ardent sun, Nor yield their virgin bloom until With years of wooing won; But when a hundred years are o'er, Its blossoms richly blow; So blooms for us the plant that grew A hundred years ago.

Oh! Freedom's plant was watered well With precious blood and tears, To make its bosomed glories smell For many a hundred years; And now it's ours to pluck its flowers - Let tears of gladness flow! And praise to them who nurtured it A hundred years ago!

God bless the men who set its root In Freedom's sacred soil - God bless the men, and women too, Who shared their grief and toil! And God bless us who now enjoy Fair Freedom's warmth and glow; For he reigns still who fired our sires A hundred years ago.

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CAPTION

I had just entered into partnership with Griffin when Mr. Joshua G. Melson, who with Mr. James E. Blythe had recently bought a bit of Mason City Iowa property through which a river flowed, came to me to design a house for him.

This unoccupied stretch of land lies on either side of the river close to the down town district of Mason City. Mr. Melson, looking quite melancholy when he came to me, had had a dream and it wasn't coming true. He had asked Frank Lloyd Wright to design a house for him but Wright had no Town Planning sense and had designed just a house to set by the roadside. So the poet in Mr. Melson wasn't satisfied. He came to me. You know I had a romantic look.

But instead of taking up his suggestion I told him that this was a Town Planning undertaking and suggested he talk it over with Walter Burley Griffin which he did on the site and was taken off his feet with the suggestions made for the general layout and for a dwelling for himself carrying up an old quarry wall to form one wall of his home.

In addition Griffin suggested an artificial precipice by encouraging the city to dump rubbish under quite a stretch of the bridge and facing it with the local stone thus adding 3 building lots whose outlook would rake up the river, and so on.

When Mr. Melson's home was finished Griffin himself climbed up the wall from river bottom to roof. The house is a lovely blossom in the natural terraces of the river bank, with a secret afternoon-tea terrace on the level of the floor of the billiard room accessible only from it.

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CAPTION

Mr. James E. Blythe's house was the 2nd one built on the river bank of Rock Crest in Mason City, Iowa. The working drawings were but just ready when Griffin was called to Australia.

The house fitted the site like a glove. Since it was on the lower levels it was flat roofed to least obstruct the views of the dwellings above.

It is built of the local lime stone.

The garage and front entrance with the library above form an imposing feature balanced on the opposite side by a conservatory living veranda with a sleep-out porch above and its corner flower boxes.

The slope of the land on the other side gives ground floor living space below the living rooms level.

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CAPTION

In the Holahan house the living veranda is an extension of a natural cave in the hillside, lovely and cool for the summertime. The garage in this case is on the level of the street.

Even these two groups - Trier Center and Mason City - to say nothing of Australia and India show Griffin's endless versatility whereas what variations arose in Frank Lloyd Wright's work, even to the raft foundation about which he has had so much publicity, came from other sources. His first houses nondescript, the Winslow house Old Colonial, the Morse house on Oak Park avenue half timber. The Walser house, T shaped, the first diversion from the rectangle, entirely my design, my first in his office, the Husser house my design for our family's home in Hubbard Woods except that 2 two squares instead of 2 octagons flanked the long oblong.

It was Griffin who brought the Thomas house up out of the ground with an English basement and a right angle plan, etc., etc.

The enthusiastic and able young men as proved in their later work were doubtless as influential in the office later as were these early ones but Wright's early concentration on publicity and his claims that everybody was his disciple had a deadening influence on the Chicago group and only after a quarter of a century do we find creative architecture conspicuously evident in the United States.

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The Normal Residential Quarter Section would have 8 major parks.

Griffin has shown here how when adjacent to a factory district two of the major parks might be eliminated.

He has also shown an arrangement with 4 major parks. No further reduction should be tolerated yet we find self-styled Town Planners of 1944 presenting as town planning a duplicate of this street system with no interior parks, squeezing them out by adding a few more streets.

With such moral standards on the top levels it is no wonder that juvenile crime is increasing so menacingly. The low moral standard of the whole community is evidenced in the private assumption of public values - the land values, which should be used by the Social Organ in giving opportunities to every individual to develop his capacities to the maximum.

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Caption

A minimum cost house acceptable in a high class district. Though Griffin established and emphasized the 2nd story sill line his methods of handling it were by no means uniform, and power is as often expressed as simplicity. In the interior as well as in the exterior they served as decorative features instead of simply holes punched in indiscriminately.

The corner fenestration groups used by him - revolutionary at that time - were by no means offensive to the eye giving a feeling of instability, but gave distinction and power to the design.

The dignity of design and permanence of construction, the house including roof of concrete, made possible the location of this low cost dwelling in the outlying Gold Coast district of Chicago without complaint or opposition from the wealthy neighbors.

Note the engineering revolution in the corner groups of windows which has become so general now after a quarter of a century but which is treated architecturally, graciously, instead of being the bleak thing it is in the hands of modernistic builders. The mullion having become a special structural feature is treated as such adding human interest to the structure. So treated it does not give the feeling of a face with the front teeth knocked out.

Nature can run riot about this concrete home and the burned tile fireplace front designed by the architects brings a touch of it into the living room. This landscape decoration which forms the breast of the fireplace is burned tile.

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MAN'S EVOLUTION

In the course of perfecting the rational faculty, necessary to give men confidence in their own decisions as a basis for free will, the power to receive revelations was necessarily withdrawn from men for a time. Through Anthroposophy, the Twentieth Century science, which, along with the smashing of the atom in the atomic bomb, revolutionizes thinking for this century as material science did the thinking of the nineteenth century, this power of receiving information directly from the spiritual realms can again be developed but it must now be in a Christian form and not pre-Christian if it is to be wholesome and developmental. This difference of method is of vital importance and is but little understood today so that many unfortunate things are happening through the longing for direct knowledge of spiritual realities without any comprehension of the nature of Christian requirements.

Since the creation by the Christ was the creation of a being who could attain to responsibility which is dependent on free will and, since with His coming into the Jesus being where He dwelt for three years, He gave to man the individualized Ego (which he gave to every man that cometh into the world) which marked man's maturity and readiness to function in free will, the power to develop the faculties necessary for the reception of revelation must reside in each individual human being.

But since the all important factor is the retention and development of free will, no method must be used now which dulls man's fully awake consciousness nor which interferes in the slightest degree with the free action of his will. The only form of occultism recognized by natural science is hypnotism, but these scientists know nothing of what they are actually doing nor can they know its dangers nor its serious or even fatal consequences. The process used is to substitute another's will which is an attack on the manhood

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CAPTION

In this schematic plan Chicago's fine radial railroad system with its connecting belt lines has been co-ordinated with motor speedways to enable an orderly development of 6 municipal centers indicated by double ovals which relieve the pressure on the main urban business center on the lake.

Each of these is placed where several railroad routes come together all being below the surface level.

The Metropolitan air field was shown in the lake which idea has now been adopted.

Each of the municipal plazas has a surface Air Landing field to supplement the underground railroad station giving rise to a natural municipal center so that the practical needs of the outlying districts are met minimizing the excessive crowding of the metropolitan center. Sydney, Australia is an example of such a grouping of metropolis and surrounding municipalities which are independent politically as well as officially. The arrangement works well.

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for advancing education in all fields to develop the abilities of the citizenry throughout their lives with no interference by the other two organs except to maintain equity. No Board of Education under either Political or Economic control.

The three Organs are as interdependent as the Center, Radius and Circumference of a Circle.

UNIVERSAL EMPLOYMENT ATTAINED BY FREEING ENTERPRISE

1st - How facilitate FREE ENTERPRISE.

2nd - How arouse and implement ENTHUSIASM for production, always increasing, in individuals while preventing their taking unfair advantage of others.

1st - What form of Governments facilitates these ends.

2nd - What steps other than political should the community take.

The two elements upon which increased employment and production of wealth depend are human abilities and access to Nature. These two offer endless opportunities for employment if the development of them is not shut off by some MONOPOLISTIC or DICTATORIAL POWER. Our problem is how to get the maximum from these two without destroying Nature.

What form of SOCIAL ORGANIZATION most facilitates the maximum employment without menace to future humanity, to the development of rational, free beings capable of using free will constructively and without menace such as devastated the wilds of the United States during the past? What measures must we take to attain our ends?

The Economic system is really running ahead in this realm for it has established a system of DIVISION OF LABOR which gives maximum and cheapest production. This is about the only up to date element in our communities. Here, with no intrusion of morals, Altruism has established itself for in this system each one produces for someone else. Humanity has become an interdependent

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CAPTION

Mr. Young, editor of the Pioneer Press in Lucknow, India, when the building was completed wrote that due to the design and the method of construction they didn't even have to use the fans, so universal over there, to keep cool in the hot season.

Clerestory windows ran the full length of the Press Room between the two tower buildings. One of these towers was the Management Tower, the other the Office building. The top floor of the 2nd terminal building is Mr. Young's flat which supplements his home.

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OCCUPATION ENTRANCE GATE TO CHICAGO ADMINISTRATIVE & CULTURAL CENTER

In accordance with the general principle or locating Community Centers, this center of Metropolitan Chicago is placed where all 8 of the Through Routes come together. Its location has been indicated diagrammatically. It lies between Halstead Halsted Street? and the Lake and between Roosevelt Road and 26th Street. Into these 8 routes pour all the railroad main and branch and belt lines. One can reach it directly from anywhere. Within this district all the Railroads and Stations will be below grade and completely floored over. (In Sydney the Railroads of the whole metropolis are underground, very elegant and offering enough safe and comfortable space to house close to the whole population of the city in time of war.)

This is not a terminal station. All lines are through routes. It is about the center between the North and South limits of Chicago. The South Side, since through it pours a stream from the intensely occupied Eastern States, bids fair soon to become as important as the North Side. It requires only proper handling within and beyond the City limits to become so. We therefore suggest the expectation of a Retail Trade and Office development district to the South comparable to that to the North especially as this South East region continues to have the Lake Shore. The State line boundary line i.e., between Illinois and Indiana means nothing.

Three Routes come in from the South. The other Through Routes come in from the West and North. Trade and Office building may naturally extend Northward in this district beyond the River. Beyond the area to the North of the mouth of the River along the Lake Shore is, and may well continue to be, the tall flat building district with a more or less transient occupancy. A similar

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OCCUPATION RETAIL TRADE AND OFFICE BUILDING INTENSE OCCUPATION

Chicago as a whole is a community which contains within it other communities. We discuss this as a present and future problem. The present retail and office building district lies to the North of the proposed Entrance Gate extending west from the Lake and tending to go beyond the River. The original difficulties of the site have been overcome and its location at the confluence of the river with the lake is properly the determining factor of its location.

This Central City, free from radial lines is a natural Retail and Office Building Center. Provision is made for the extension of this central down-town area by extending it Westward to Halstead Halsted Street. Its business is improved by the intense flat district to the North and the Entrance Gate on its Southern Boundary and the bringing of all Through Routes to this Center which is not a terminal station. Much use will be made of the underground of all this district. The present terminal stations will remain but as local stops.

We suggest nothing revolutionary for Chicago's business center. As time goes on, multiple buildings will be replaced by single buildings occupying a whole block, with interior courts, etc., and they will tend not to become higher but to become monumental and beautiful. Open squares will be left so that the surrounding buildings may be seen to advantage. Such spaces cost nothing when held by the community. Through this district the river flows and the property adjacent to it will be held by the community and gradually the river will be parked developed into parks? on either side to become spectacularly beautiful, and offering

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OCCUPATION INDUSTRY & MANUFACTURE

Industry from early days took possession of Chicago. It made and it will destroy it if allowed to be the controlling factor. Chicago should be a London only modern. London is made up of many separate municipalities. If Chicago's extension into the lake East of the mouth of the Calumet River (which perhaps Nature's piling up of the sands might make possible) is not feasible at least pains should be taken there to form an enclosed harbor whose outer shore should be park and pleasure ground for the citizens, restoring to them what industry has destroyed.

Chicago is a natural Industrial and Commercial Center. Whether it is living or dying depends upon its citizenry first and the transients secondarily. The beautiful lake district South and Southeast will attract as high class a citizenry as have the beauties of the North Shore and should not be despoiled. There is plenty of room to the west for expending industry but its expression calls for pre-planning. We take for granted that Chicago will presently do as other places have done and prevent industry from polluting either the air or the water. All its by-products can be made use of even the heat which can be used as in Oak Park Illinois for community hot water systems.

A FAIRLY GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIES IS DESIRABLE as it affords employment to a considerable proportion of the population who should therefore live as close as possible, and whose standards can and should be as high as anyone's and whose home environment and opportunities for the children should be on a level with any other citizen's. This has been the natural cause of Chicago's growth so we find industry scattered throughout the Metropolis, and on the whole we have left that as it is as we have also that of the radial transport system.

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Initial . Niles Club House

OCCUPATION COMMUNITY CENTERS

In accordance with the suggestion of one of the world's great engineers, Mr. James Alexander Smith, who suggested for Melbourne Australia (where all Railroads come into one station, the only one, with the great railroads adjacent) the erection of buildings over them in the heart of the City District, we are suggesting such treatment at the various intersections of Chicago's complicated Railroad System.

The Central District is supplemented by the Community Centers the underground space of which along with that of the Community Air Ports can provide areas for railroad yards, community garages, etc., as well as temporary parking space for shoppers, etc. - those things which do not need sunshine and where artificial light and ventilation, etc., suffice. These Community Centers are located from one to three miles apart throughout the Metropolis.

All the Major and minor thoroughfares from the quarter-section circumferences to the Express Rail Routes (smokeless) will be business and flat districts which with an organic plan, will inevitably locate such elements, the business naturally starting from through route intersections major and minor.

The through routes have been the only thing that has defied rectangles but they have neglected the occupation requirements. So between the two (surveys and transportation) our communities - well, as the old man said, "Confuse is Hell and my wife is all confuse" - our communities are ..... all confuse. See the Perkins family story at IV.4.98.

We stand at the threshold of a modern civilization. Let intelligence come into our tackling of the problem of the human being on the earth. The ancient peoples solved their problems and their beautiful records still remain to a certain extent. The problem

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OCCUPATION DOMESTIC OCCUPATION

Town Planning and Architecture are inseparable even down to the case of the private house on a single lot. Whether it should be low lying and set back or lifted up with ground floor instead of basement depends on its adjoining neighbors.

Architecture is one half of the problem but in Chicago only the problem of communication has been tackled and only half of that - the major communication lines. No consideration has been given to what should be done for interior distributive lines. The consequence is that except for the retail trade and office districts and the occasional large parks, Chicago is completely slums.

Our problem is to get the correct answer which can be attained only by combining mathematics and art. In nature we have an illustration in the triangle or hexagon - the snowflake with its myriad enchanting forms. What the adult is depends on what the child has been. Only in proper wholesome surroundings can one grow up complete, healthy, happy - fully developed in body, soul and spirit. All other issues are secondary. Only if the problem of occupancy is solved can the coming generation grow up healthy, wealthy and wise.

Since Chicago is an established city we approach the problem so. We find that all the streets are thoroughfares. No consideration has been given to occupation except in the location of various isolated parks. These are right and fine but do not in the least meet the needs of small children and their parents for daily and hourly use for the thousand and one purposes that the prisons of house and school cannot offer.

In communication we must consider topography. Its basic requirement is directness but this must be considered with topography which it must not defy. In occupation in the residential

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NEIGHBORHOOD COMMUNITY PROBLEM PREVENTIVE OF DELINQUENCY & CRIME

Any scheme of development that is to serve during a considerable period of time must first be "elastic" to accommodate as many contingencies as can be predicted. But a development that is to suit the simplest requirements of modern community life can be neither amorphous nor arbitrary nor with autocratic restrictions. Its elastic adaptability will not be secure unless founded on a simple articulation of functions with careful attention to distinctions that are fundamental and specific, and to correlation that may be considered of vital organic necessity - generic.

To arrive at these relationships it is necessary not only to study present civic conditions - failures as well as successes - but to trace their historical development from our earliest knowledge to ascertain tendencies that may be expected to affect the future. Thus only can we hope to deal broadly in generalization without running into mere speculation unrelated to reality.

The method of this project follows an assumed primary distinction between the needs of suitable site conditions for individual or specialized Occupancy on the one hand and those of social and general Communication on the other. Co-operative industrial site requirements are reciprocal with the most general accommodation and family social and private requirements.

With the level land and other conditions so generally typical of not only a large part of Chicago but of a majority of our growing towns of the Central West we may emphasize quite literally and diagrammatically the general structural significance of the scheme and, in practice, eliminate many non-essential though important variations that would have to be considered in the event of execution for any particular site.

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ENVIRONING HILLY DISTRICTS AND OUTLYING COMMUNITIES

The outlying features and conditions and the location of Through Routes should be the determining factors in the planning of all outlying districts. Community plans should be mathematical but not mechanical. As the years pass Chicago should continue to acquire possession of lovely open spaces to become parks as it extends its boundaries, and interests, which are one with the State, just as the Hikers did a quarter of a century ago. The citizens should vie with each other in discovering such areas.

Between them where thoroughfares have not already been established as they have in Chicago, are the residential districts (see Griffith plan) whose streets would leave the thoroughfares at right angles and meet between them in obtuse angles as desirable for buildings as the right angle, often more desirable, especially for civic structures. The streets within come into these secondary streets at right angles forming, for the most part, squares or parallelograms, never acute angles.

COMMUNITY CENTERS

There has been much misunderstanding of the basis of Community Centers and consequently much loss to business enterprise and many failures. Only timely Town Planning can prevent this and this Community Planning should include at least the whole state. Surveys should in no case determine the lines of communications but only give the facts necessary for their determination, levels as well as distances, for to place rectangular roads on sloping ground is as fatal as to place curving roads on flat land.